This is a list of all the most commonly used blocks and items in Minecraft, based on the ingredients needed for farms, builds, advancements, and treasure hunting. You can find more details in my post Minecraft in Order.
I sorted it by the most commonly required ingredients and put them in shulker boxes, so you might have an idea of what to put in your own shulker boxes.
For a more extensive list, see my post How to Organize Your Shulker Boxes. This post will just be the basics.
Here’s how I like to organize my ender chest inventory:

- Light purple = Empty shulker box
- White = Glass
- Orange = Stone
- Magenta = Builds
- Brown = Wood
- Red = Farms

Glass shulker box inventory

- Glass
- More glass
- Even more glass
- Did I mention the glass?
Stone shulker box inventory

- Stone bricks
- Stone
- Smooth stone slab
Builds 1 shulker box inventory

- Dirt
- Smooth quartz block
- Smooth stone
- Chest
- Spruce trapdoor
- Flower pot
- Barrel
- Lantern
- Grass block
- Oak leaves
Builds 2 shulker box inventory

- Gray concrete
- Bookshelf
- Torch
- Glass pane
- Smooth quartz slab
- Painting
- Nether bricks
- Snow
- Item frame
- Smooth quartz stairs
- White carpet
- Ladder
- Campfire
- White concrete
- Bone meal
- Sugar cane
- Polished andesite
- Cobblestone
Wood shulker box inventory

- Spruce planks
- Birch planks
- Oak log
- Spruce slab
- Oak fence
- Oak planks
- Birch stairs
- Stripped spruce log
- Oak trapdoor
- Spruce log
- Spruce stairs
- Spruce fence
- Dark oak stairs
- Oak slab
Farms shulker box inventory

- Magma block
- Dirt
- Soul sand
- Chest
- Hopper
- Kelp
- Obsidian
- Scaffolding
- Redstone dust
- Rails
- Powered rails